Nouns

Nouns : A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things ( common noun ), or to name a particular one of these ( proper noun ).

Proper noun usually denotes the name or identity of any one of the living things. And a common noun usually denotes a collection of things.

So, for example, "Tom, go to the barber at Elm Street and ask him to trim your hair short," shouted Marla, "or I will have to complain our father for our lack of self concern."
In the above sentence,
Proper nouns : Tom, Marla.
Common nouns : barber, Elm Street, hair, father.

Proper nouns aren't further classified.

However, one can classify Common nouns in to the following types:
Abstract nouns – objects one cannot see or touch (e.g., bravery, joy)
Collective nouns – words that describe groups (e.g., team, choir)
Compound nouns – nouns made up of multiple words (e.g., court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle)
Concrete nouns – things one can see or touch (e.g., tree, Sun)
Non-countable nouns (mass nouns) – uncountable things (e.g., hair, food, music)
Gender-specific nouns – words which are definitely male or female (e.g., vixen, actress)
Verbal nouns – nouns derived from verbs (e.g., a building, an attack)
Gerunds – nouns that represent actions (e.g., running fast, guessing a number)
Collective nouns can be treated as plural or singular according to the context of the sentence. 
Gerunds are different from other nouns because they can take an object or be modified with an adverb.  


Plural noun rules :
Add s in the end of most nouns to get the plural form.
Example : girl - girls; orange - oranges.
Add es at the end of singular nouns ending in ch, sh, s, x or z.
Example : bench - benches; bus - buses; quiz - quizzes; box - boxes; dish - dishes.
For nouns ending in y with a consonant before y, change y to i and add es.
Example : candy - candies; puppy - puppies.
For nouns that end with y where the y is followed by a vowel, just add a s.
Example : toy - toys; boy - boys.
For nouns ending with f or fe, replace f and fe with ves.
Example : leaf - leaves; knife - knives.
For nouns ending with a consonant before an o, add es.
Example : potato - potatoes; tomato - tomatoes.
Some nouns change their spelling with singularity.
Example : child - children; mouse - mouses.
Some nouns, use the same singular and plural form.
Example : fish - fish; deer - deer; hair - hair.